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Uniformologia: storia ed evoluzione dell'uniforme militare

"Storia ed evoluzione dell'Uniforme Militare"

 

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La storia dell'uniforme militare comincia solo nel secolo XVII. Le premesse tecniche per la produzione di uniformi furono create dall'espansione industriale. In quell'epoca era già scomparsa l'armatura dei cavalieri, e se gli alti ufficiali ne portavano ancora qualche componente, ciò aveva solo significato simbolico. Nel suo modo di combattere, il dragone del XVI secolo era più che altro un fante a cavallo. Nella Guerra dei Trent'anni l'abbigliamento dei militari dei vari eserciti in lizza era ancora diversificato e l'unico valido segno di riconoscimento tra i membri di un determinato reggimento o reparto era il colore della sciarpa. La prima uniforme militare fu introdotta dal re svedese Gustavo Adolfo, nel quadro del suo riuscito tentativo di creare un esercito ben disciplinato e regolarmente pagato, che non fosse temuto dai civili come una banda di briganti. Poi, nel 1670, Luigi XIV ordinò uniformi omogenee per le parate delle sue truppe: colore, materiale e taglio dei vestiti, numero dei bottoni, insegne e guarnizioni furono prescritte con esattezza. Ma molti stati europei attesero ancora un intero secolo per seguire l'esempio della più grande potenza dell'epoca. Dapprima fu deciso l'uso dell'uniforme solo per i soldati semplici e, per qualche decennio ancora, agli ufficiali fu concesso di vestirsi secondo la propria fantasia. Nel secolo XVIII, quando furono creati nuovi tipi di uniformi, le varie armi e i singoli reparti cominciarono a distinguersi, oltre che per l'organizzazione, anche per l'abbigliamento. La guerra russo-giapponese, dimostrando l'importanza della mimetizzazione nei combattimenti terrestri, impose l'uso dei colori neutri nelle uniformi, che da quell'epoca cominciarono a prediligere il cachi e il grigioverde. Le esperienze dei successivi conflitti hanno portato a ulteriori razionalizzazioni nel taglio, negli accessori, e hanno praticamente eliminato ogni differenza tra l'uniforme dei soldati e quella di campagna degli ufficiali di qualsiasi grado.

 

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Ufficiale pilota in tuta di volo estiva 1937

 

Volendo creare un topic apposito dove riunire tutte le Uniformi che hanno fatto la storia dei nostri e degli altri paesi, esorto tutti gli utenti a contribuire in modo da effettuare una ricostruzione storica collettiva. Unico appunto rivolto a tutti è quello di partecipare, apponendo la storia dell'eventuale "Divisa" apportata alla discussione, evitando di postare la foto senza un minimo cenno storico, in modo da creare un vero e proprio sommario.

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Infantryman, El Salvador 1980

 

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Weapon: West German 7.62 mm G3A3 by Heckler & Koch.

Equipment: US m1943 web equipment with shoulder straps and M56 belt, 4 ammo pouches, case for the folding plastic shovel and water bottle cover with bottle and purifying tablets.

Uniform: Olive green shirt and trousers, probably US manufacture. US M1 helmet and liner with chin strap down. Nylon & black leather tropical boots.

Notes: El Salvador fought a bitter civil war from 1979 to 1982 and it is still unresolved.

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U.S.M.C. 2

 

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Corporal, French Foreign Legion (Paras) Kolwezi 1978

 

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Weapon: None shown except the bayonet and the fighting knife.

Equipment: French modified US designs including web belt with shoulder straps, water bottle in cover, bayonet frog to carry the scabbard, 2 magazine pouches and a large 3 pocket multi purpose pouch usually used to carry grenades.

Uniform: French "Satin 300" jacket & trousers that are made especially for the Legion. French Ranger boots in black leather. Rank badges are worn, velcro attached, on the centre chest. The black scarf over the shoulder was an improvised recognition signal during this campaign. On his green beret he wears the badge of Regiment's version of the French Parachute Badge.

Notes: In May of 1978 2REP (2nd Foreign Legion Parachute Regiment) dropped into the unknown at Kolwezi, Zaire to rescue 2,000 European hostages. After bitter house to house fighting they were successful.

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U.S.M.C. 3

 

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Turkish soldier in Cyprus in 1974

 

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Weapon: .45 inch US made "grease gun", the M3A1, designed in 1941 and badly out of date by 1974. Pistol of various makes and models were used.

Equipment: US M1943 belt and shoulder straps carry a US water bottle cover & bottle, a US first aid kit along with a WW1 German bayonet and 4 magazine pouches for the German G3 rifle. A large Turkish manufactured haversack based on a WW2 German design is also carried.

Uniform: Plain green beret with no badge, also a US M1 steel helmet with USMC camouflage cover. Plain green cotton drill shirt and trousers over black leather GP style boots.

Notes: On 20 July 1974 Turkey invaded Cyprus to stop any possibility of it becoming a base useful to the Greeks. Despite 40,000 men and 200 tanks the mission was a failure. To this day Cyprus remains divided.

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USMC Pilot

 

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Corporal, Portuguese Parachute unit in Mozambique 1970

 

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Weapon: 7.62mm German general purpose machine gun by Heckler & Koch named the HK 21.

Equipment: Web belt with a bayonet in a scabbard in a frog.

Uniform: French 1950 pattern camouflage shirt and trousers. Black leather boots in the GP style. Dark green paratroop beret with a badge indicating Air Force, the Branch of Service applicable in this case. Badges of rank are worn on the should strap slides and a parachute brevet is worn above the left pocket.

Notes: Portugal got involved in 3 costly wars in its former colonies in Africa; Guinea-Bissau, Angola and Mozambique. From 1960 to 1968 Portugal was on a back foot but then they went on the offensive using American tactics of defoliation of the jungle and counter insurgency. After 11,000 casualties KIA and 30,000 WIA a group of Army officers led a coup, in 1975, and ended the wars.

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2010 Prototype Photo of US Army

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Future Force soldiers To better equip its soldiers, the U.S. Army is developing an advanced infantry uniform that will provide superhuman strength and greater ballistic protection than any uniform to date. Also, using wide-area networking and onboard computers, soldiers will be more aware of the action around them and of their own bodies. Suiting Up For Battle With the development of a bionic uniform for its soldiers, the U.S. Army is planning for a change in the logistics of war. Integrated physiological monitoring, enhanced communication and augmented physical strength will give the soldiers of the future the tools they need to overwhelm their opponents simply by donning a hi-tech suit.

 

PROJECT HORIZON

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US ARMY

 

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US ARMY

 

 

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Para-commando Warrant Officer, Belgian Army in the Congo 1964

 

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Weapon: Belgian FN FAL 7.62 mm self loading rifle: (father to the British Commonwealth's SLR). Some Belgian Paras carried the same rifle but with a folding stock. Uses a modified bayonet.

Equipment: Mostly 1937 pattern British webbing with some French items as well.

Uniform: Green "T" shirt, camouflage pattern Denison smock (British design), plain trousers in heavy cotton drill, short puttees and black ankle boots. Red beret. This Unit wears the British SAS badge to celebrate the fact that in WW2 a Belgian parachute company was attached to SAS. The maroon and sky blue shoulder strap slides (epaulettes) carry a silver star to indicate his rank.

Notes: Used several times, successfully, in rescuing hostages from Zaire, formerly Belgian Congo. Colonel "Mad" Mike Hoare of Wild Geese fame assisted. US C130 aircraft were the aircraft used and the Belgians had no experience or training with them but completed their missions anyway.

Paratrooper, French Army in Algeria 1961

 

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Weapon: French 7.5mm M1952 (AAT Mle 52) general purpose machine gun with 50 round ammo belt. Used with the bipod it is an effective LMG or with the US manufactured tripod is a HMG. It is exported in a version that uses the 7.62mm NATO round .

Equipment: French Army issue web belt with shoulder straps. Several pouches hang on the back.

Uniform: Standard French camouflage pattern shirt and trousers in cotton drill. Cloth peaked cap in camo material. Para boots not issued to paratroops involved in basic infantry work but the standard infantry boot is substituted.

Notes: The Algerian war of Independence was a long and bitter fight. The French Foreign Legion and the French Army were heavily involved from 1954 to 1962.

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US ARMY 3

 

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Swedish infantryman on UN duties in the Congo 1960

 

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Weapon: 9mm Swedish Carl Gustav Model 45 sub machine gun. It has a 36 round magazine and a folding stock.

Equipment: None displayed.

Uniform: Lightweight green cotton drill shirt and trousers. His should straps carry the Branch of Service indicators. crossed rifles for infantry. He wears the UN badge on his right sleeve and on his US M1 pattern steel helmet.

Notes: Sweden has not fought in a war since 1814 but she has been militarily threatened, most recently by the Nazis. She does however take part in many UN peacekeeping operations.

A soldier in the Greek National Army 1947

 

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Weapon: .45 inch M1A1 Thompson sub machine gun with box magazine.

Equipment: None displayed.

Uniform: British army beret with Greek Army cap badge, British issue battledress trousers, British pullover, British canvas gaiters (anklets), black ankle boots cotton drill shirt.

Notes: The Greek National Army fought the Communist led Greek Democratic Army in a civil war from 1945 to 1949. The Communists were defeated (thanks God).

A Guerilla in the Greek Democratic Army 1947

 

 

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Weapon: 9mm German MP40 sub-machine gun, a WW2 design with 32 round magazine and folding metal stock.

Equipment: The guerrillas wore and used what ever they could scrounge. There was no standard issue.

Uniform: Black leather ankle boots with British canvas gaiters. British Battle Dress trousers dyed black. Civilian clothing above the waist.

Notes: The Communist Dimokratikos Stratos Ellados grew out of the Greek Resistance movement of WW2. They were finally defeated in 1949.

The Gloucestershire Regiment, combat uniform, Korea 1951

 

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Weapon: SMLE .303 inch Lee Enfield No.4 with spike bayonet.

Equipment: 1944 pattern British canvas webbing including a large pouch to carry spare magazines for the Section's Bren gun. Canvas pouch for plastic water bottle. Rucksack and ammo pouches for his own weapon. All hang on a canvas web belt.

Uniform: WW2 design camouflage smock and trousers, woollen scarf, woollen "cap-comforter", white cold weather mittens worn over woollen gloves. Leather ankle boots with canvas gaiters.

Notes: This is the famous Gloucestershire Regiment "The Glosters". They wear two hat badges, 1 front, 1 rear, to commemorate the time when, already engaged in action they were attacked from behind. The rear rank merely turned around and repelled the enemy. In Korea they were awarded the US Presidential Unit Citation for their "last stand" defence of Hill 235 on Anzac Day 1951.

British soldier in Kenya 1953

 

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Weapon: .303 SMLE Number 4 Lee Enfield rifle with Mk III (spike) bayonet.

Equipment: Shoulder slung haversack.

Uniform: Khaki fur felt bush hat with cotton puggaree and leather chin strap. Cotton drill shirt & trousers plus woolen pullover all in khaki. Leather ankle boots with canvas gaiters. Plain canvas web belt.

Notes: This soldier, fighting during the Mau-Mau uprising in Kenya is very lightly kitted out.

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The Gloucestershire Regiment, combat uniform, Korea 1951

 

Già Postato! ;)

 

Captain US Army, (3rd Army) in "Eisenhower" jacket

 

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This infantry Captain of the US 3rd Army is wearing the famous "Eisenhower" jacket, also called the "Ike" jacket.

Introduced late in 1944, the jacket was a popular option for both enlisted and officer ranks.

It is named for Supreme Allied Commander General Dwight D. "Ike" Eisenhower, who suggested that a short, close-fitting jacket similar to the British battle dress blouse be added to the official U.S. Army uniform.

Like the British BD blouse, the Ike jacket featured concealed buttons and an adjustable waistband for a trim, no-nonsense look.

Gunner, Royal Regiment of Artillery, British Guiana 1964

 

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Weapon: 9mm Sterling sub machine gun with bayonet fixed. Note the compact plastic magazine.

Equipment: 1937 pattern webbing, blackened and polished.

Uniform: Dark blue beret with Royal Artillery badge, temperate are khaki drill shirt and trousers over short woollen puttees above black leather ankle boots.

Notes: Artillery men are lightly armed and very lightly equipped with personal equipment because they are supposed to be behind the lines and with transport available.

US 1st Air Cavalry Trooper, Vietnam 1966

 

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Weapons: M16A1 (Colt AR 15) Armalite, M26 fragmentation grenades, M7 knife/bayonet.

Equipment: M56 pattern web equipment including web belt, 2 M16 ammo pouches, a bum (or butt) pack, 2 or more water bottles in canvas cover, "D" ring for abseiling from a chopper. Attached to the belt and also slung are pouches containing boxes of GPMG M60 ammunition to "feed the pig" the section's gun.

Uniform: Cotton jungle green shirt and trousers. Nylon and leather boots with rubber soles.M1 steel helmet with liner and cloth cover. Note 2 bottles of insect repellant held by helmet band.

Notes: This trooper is the result of the change from parachutists to air-mobile troops to handle most of the air assault work.

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U.S. Army Combat Medic

 

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"Doc. Baker" - U.S. Army Combat Medic, 1st Infantry Division, France 1944 (Private)

 

Barcode: 0 89195 70615 7

Case Pack: 12 pieces per master case (2 inners of 6)

Box Size: 13.6" x 8" x 3.3"

 

Features

 

Uniform:

- GI Medic Helmet

- M1941 Field Jacket

- Herringbone Twill Jacket (HBT, 2nd Pattern)

- Herringbone Twill Trousers (HBT, 2nd Pattern)

- M1943 U.S. Two-Buckle Boots

 

Equipment:

- M1936 Pistol Belt

- Suspender

- M1942 First Aid Pouch

- Safety Pins

- 4" Double-Blunt Scissors

- Morphine Tartrate Syrettes w/Box

- Small Triangular Compresses White Bandage

- Burn-Injury Set

- Gauze Bandage

- Iodine Swabs

- Ammonia Aromatic Spirit

- Small First Aid Dressing

- Sulfanil Amide

- Sulfanilamide Packets

- M1910 Canteen with Cover

- Type II Canvas Pouches

- Triangular Compressed White Bandage

- EMT Book

 

Insignia:

- Medical Arm Brassard

- 1st Infantry Division Patch

- 1st Infantry Division Patch

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CLASS-A-UNIFORM

 

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NEW-CLASS-B-UNIFORM

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Weapon: .45 inch Thompson sub-machine gun with the WW2 style box magazine.

Equipment: US webbing including a five pocket magazine pouch.

Uniform: Leather shoes. Cotton puttees. Peaked forage cap with the Nationalist badge, a white sun on a blue background. Locally designed and manufactured cotton khaki drill summer uniform.

Notes: In 1911 the Manchu Dynasty collapsed and the Chinese fought the Japanese in WW2 with an army cobbled together in haste. Chiang Kai Shek created the Nationalist Army post war to have a professional defence force. He wound up fighting Mao's Communists and eventually retreated to Taiwan.

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Weapon: SMLE .303 Lee Enfield No1 Mark III* rifle.

Equipment: 5 pouch ammunition belt that has a double shoulder strap fitting. Japanese WW2 water bottle and pouch.

Uniform: Cotton, 5 pointed cloth cap with Communist Star. Khaki drill shirt & trousers that are bloused at the knee. Japanese style puttees over rubber and canvas "gym" boots. Leather belt.

Notes: The Communist MRLA fought for years for a "free" Malaya, even after the formation of the independent Malayan nation. They were ultimately defeated, mainly because they did not get the support of the local population.

 

 

Faccio un appunto io, alla nota a piè di pagina: in realtà l'MRLA perse perché gli inglesi furono bravi a fargli la terra bruciata, con metodi che magari oggi verrebbero guardati con orrore, altro che non guadagnarono l'appoggio della popolazione...

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