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Uniformologia: storia ed evoluzione dell'uniforme militare

"Storia ed evoluzione dell'Uniforme Militare"

 

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La storia dell'uniforme militare comincia solo nel secolo XVII. Le premesse tecniche per la produzione di uniformi furono create dall'espansione industriale. In quell'epoca era già scomparsa l'armatura dei cavalieri, e se gli alti ufficiali ne portavano ancora qualche componente, ciò aveva solo significato simbolico. Nel suo modo di combattere, il dragone del XVI secolo era più che altro un fante a cavallo. Nella Guerra dei Trent'anni l'abbigliamento dei militari dei vari eserciti in lizza era ancora diversificato e l'unico valido segno di riconoscimento tra i membri di un determinato reggimento o reparto era il colore della sciarpa. La prima uniforme militare fu introdotta dal re svedese Gustavo Adolfo, nel quadro del suo riuscito tentativo di creare un esercito ben disciplinato e regolarmente pagato, che non fosse temuto dai civili come una banda di briganti. Poi, nel 1670, Luigi XIV ordinò uniformi omogenee per le parate delle sue truppe: colore, materiale e taglio dei vestiti, numero dei bottoni, insegne e guarnizioni furono prescritte con esattezza. Ma molti stati europei attesero ancora un intero secolo per seguire l'esempio della più grande potenza dell'epoca. Dapprima fu deciso l'uso dell'uniforme solo per i soldati semplici e, per qualche decennio ancora, agli ufficiali fu concesso di vestirsi secondo la propria fantasia. Nel secolo XVIII, quando furono creati nuovi tipi di uniformi, le varie armi e i singoli reparti cominciarono a distinguersi, oltre che per l'organizzazione, anche per l'abbigliamento. La guerra russo-giapponese, dimostrando l'importanza della mimetizzazione nei combattimenti terrestri, impose l'uso dei colori neutri nelle uniformi, che da quell'epoca cominciarono a prediligere il cachi e il grigioverde. Le esperienze dei successivi conflitti hanno portato a ulteriori razionalizzazioni nel taglio, negli accessori, e hanno praticamente eliminato ogni differenza tra l'uniforme dei soldati e quella di campagna degli ufficiali di qualsiasi grado.

 

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Ufficiale pilota in tuta di volo estiva 1937

 

Volendo creare un topic apposito dove riunire tutte le Uniformi che hanno fatto la storia dei nostri e degli altri paesi, esorto tutti gli utenti a contribuire in modo da effettuare una ricostruzione storica collettiva. Unico appunto rivolto a tutti è quello di partecipare, apponendo la storia dell'eventuale "Divisa" apportata alla discussione, evitando di postare la foto senza un minimo cenno storico, in modo da creare un vero e proprio sommario.

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Rhodesian Army, 1974-77

 

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Rhodesian Army, 1968-79

 

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Rhodesian Army, 1965-79

 

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RNZIR Viet Nam 1966/72

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This 'Kiwi' (New Zealand) soldier was one of those who served in the ANZAC Battalions in South Viet Nam. These units came from an amalgamation of 1 or 2 Rifle Companies from the Royal New Zealand Infantry Regiment (RNZIR) into an Australian infantry battalion from the Royal Australian Regiment, (RAR) for a tour of duty in SVN.

This soldier wears the standard jungle greens and webbing. He wears an Aussie bush hat and the black infantry 'boots-gp' or general purpose boots. He carries the Australian made copy of the 7.62mm FN rifle known as the L1A1 Self Loading Rifle (SLR) with 20 round magazine

A Sergeant in the Arab Legion, Jordan 1953

 

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Weapon: 9mm Sten Mk V sub machine gun. (Enlisted men had SMLE No 4 rifles with the 1907 pattern bayonet).

Equipment: 1937 pattern British web equipment.

Uniform: British battle dress with black ankle boots and canvas gaiters. Note the Arab head dress with the Arab Legion badge centre front.

Notes: From a small start under British command in 1920 the Arab Legion grew to a reasonable size. Service in WW2 against Axis forces saw respectable results. Post war the Legion got involved in the Arab attempts to crush Israel. They captured the West Bank and made it part of Jordan. Growing Arab nationalism saw the British Officers who were still with the Legion and Arabs who supported the British view removed from the Legion which then became the Jordan Arab Army.

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Come da didascalia!

 

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Come da didascalia!

 

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Già postato #204.

 

 

Israeli infantryman in the Six-Day War 1967

 

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Weapon: Israeli version of the FN 7.62 mm self loading rifle.

Equipment: Usually US with some British designs, locally produced. Typical would be a web belt with shoulder straps, 2 magazine pouches, a water bottle in cover, a first aid kit as the basic webbing and another set with a large haversack and an entrenching tool.

Uniform: Khaki wool shirt, French paratrooper trousers, US M1 helmet and liner with camo netting cover.

Notes: From the very first day it was set up the State

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North Vietnam Army Uniform

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Tan, long-sleeved, button down wool tunic with pockets on either side of shirt breast. Tan wool pants. Tan helmet with brown strap.

Israeli Tank Commander in the Six-Day War 1967

 

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Weapon: Usually a pistol is the only weapon a tank commander would carry.

Equipment: The Israeli tank crewman's helmet was the US WW2 model revisited, with modifications and upgrades. Made of leather and fibre with padded ear pieces it also had a boom microphone. Later it was replaced with more up to date gear.

Uniform: Simple design medium weight cotton drill shirt and trousers over black leather calf height boots.

Notes: The Israeli Army has a relaxed attitude to the pomp and splendour and a casual approach to discipline that is reminiscent of the Australian Army. At the start of the 6 Day War Israel unleashed 800 tanks, British Centurions and US M4s and M48s. It smashed the opposition, decisively.

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US ARMY Soldier!

 

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Egyptian Commando in the Six-Day War 1967

 

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Weapon: 9mm Port Said sub machine gun, a locally made copy of the Swedish Carl Gustav M45B.

Equipment: Soviet steel helmet, a gas mask pack used as a haversack, Soviet web belt, US water bottle and cover.

Uniform: Locally designed and produced camouflage shirt and trousers over black leather calf length boots of the GP style.

Notes: Poor equipment (Soviet supplied), inferior tactics (Soviet advisors) and the overwhelming Israeli air attack meant that the 6 Day War was a disaster for Egyptian military pride to say nothing of the losses incurred. Using lessons learned, getting rid of Soviet advisors and adopting a more aggressive approach meant that by the Yom Kippur War they had improved.

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US-Navy

 

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Infantryman in the Jordanian Army in the Six-Day War 1967

 

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Weapon: US 0.3 inch M1 rifle.

Equipment: British 1937 pattern webbing set consisting of web belt and shoulder straps with several small ammo pouches.

Uniform: British "tin hat" steel helmet with camo net cover, black ankle boots with British gaiters and a unique to the region, khaki herringbone twill (HBT) shirt & trousers.

Notes: With the demise of the Arab Legion came the birth of the Jordanian Army. Although they had 100 Centurion and 300 M47 and M48 tanks at the start of the 6 Day War the Jordanians proved unable to make headway against the rampaging Israelis. They withdrew from the West Bank and Jerusalem. The Army was embarrassed and the influx of Palestinian refugees into Jordan posed a threat to King Hussein. The Jordanian Army eventually attacked the PLO and their Syrian allies and threw them out of Jordan.

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Uniform For Enlisted Men

 

 

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The naval uniform shall be worn by all enlisted men of the Naval Battalion, National Guard of California, when attending drills or parades on shore, or when on board vessels of the United States Navy for drill or instruction.

Dofari Guerrilla, PFLO (Popular Front for the Liberation of Oman) 1973

 

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Weapon: Soviet 7.62 mm AK 47 assault rifle.

Equipment: British 1958 pattern web belt with one ammo pouch.

Uniform: No footwear at all. Civilian clothing except for the occasional battlefield trophy, here a German camouflage jacket and some camo cloth worn as a head covering.

Notes: Originally a nationalist independence movement, after the withdrawal of the British from Aden it was taken over by Marxists. It was supplied with weaponry from the Soviets and from China. However the godless Communist creed did not sit well with the intensely religious Muslims and the movement failed in its bid.

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US NAVY!

 

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Figure 4-4.—Chapter 2 uniform illustration from 1981 edition of United States Navy Uniform Regulations (Female).

Crewman, Egyptian Armoured Forces, Sinai 1973

 

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Weapon: Tank crews do not carry weapons but they are available in the tank.

Equipment: Soviet made tanker helmet, padded black canvas with built in headset and fur lining in the winter issue version. Harness for a throat microphone is also Soviet issue. Hanging down is a jack for the RT/1C internal tank communication radio.

Uniform: 1956 pattern sand coloured, locally produced shirt and trousers. Black ankle boots.

Notes: Although improved since the 6 Day War the Egyptian Armoured Force did not much better. The Egyptians advanced with 1,000 Main Battle Tanks (MBTs) but the Israelis, for the loss of 10 of their own , destroyed 250 of the Egyptian tanks. By the time of the cease fire the Egyptian Armoured forces had virtually ceased to exist.

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Proposed New US Navy Uniforms for Ranks E1-E6

 

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US Navy

 

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A Syrian soldier on the Golan Heights 1973

 

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Weapon: 7.62 Soviet AKMS rifle.

Equipment: This soldier wears no webbing of any sort, a practice common in the Syrian Armed Forces.

Uniform: Soviet steel helmet with chinstrap. The camouflage uniform suggests Special Forces of some sort as the regular troops wore olive drab or dark khaki. Under the jacket is a dark green undershirt. The clothing is based on French designs but were manufactured in East Germany. Black leather calf length boots of the GP style.

Notes: Although huge sums of money and lots of rebuilding effort had been spent after the 6 Day War the Syrians still failed to come up to scratch in 1973. In a surprise attack they caught the Israelis unprepared. Even though the Syrians threw 500 Main Battle Tanks (MBTs) against fewer than 100 Israeli MBTs in one place and 600 MBTs against 57 Israelis in another the Syrians still lost. They lost 800 tanks in the endeavour.

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US Army Infantry

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Rhodesian Army, 1976-78

 

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Africa Australe, 1978-79

 

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British Equipment in World War II

 

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Battledress was an innovative concept in its day, the most modern and rational combat uniform adopted by any European power: It was more economical than the old long tunics worn by other armies; and a great deal of thought had gone into its design, down to the level of exactly what could be carried in which pockets. Production of the original pattern of BD, often erroneously called 1937 pattern, started in 1938, but issue in quantity did not begin unti11939. Typically, this soldier in early 1939 has been issued the new BD but has yet to receive the 1937 pattern web equipment; he makes do with 1908 pattern, identical to that issued during the Great War except for the entrenching tool and its helve, which had been discarded during the interwar period. All buttons on the BD were of the concealed “fly" type; they were normally of dished brass, with the exception of those for the epaulettes, which were soon replaced by composition button with a metal shank.

Palestine Liberation Organisation (PLO) Guerrilla, Golan Heights 1974

 

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Weapon: Degtyarev RPD light machine gun fed by two 50 round belts in a drum magazine. Rate of fir approx 150 rounds per minute. Automatic pistol in waist holster.

Equipment: PLO guerrillas have no uniformity of equipment.

Uniform: Civilian or para military items are usually worn. No formal uniform code exists. The face covering shermagh is considered 'compulsory'.

Notes: The PLO claims to be a "Government-in-exile". It exists to set up a Palestinian state and to destroy Israel. On the Golan Heights in 1974 they were small potatoes.

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